Maurice Wilkins

PHYSICIST NAME: Maurice Wilkins
STUDENT NAME: Angela Mari Peralta

Biography

Born: 15 December 1916, Pongaroa, New Zealand

Died: 5 October 2004, London, United Kingdom

Affiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom

Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins was born at Pongaroa, New Zealand, on December 15th, 1916. His parents came from Ireland; his father Edgar Henry Wilkins was a doctor in the School Medical Service and was very interested in research but had little opportunity for it.

At the age of 6, Wilkins was brought to England and educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham. He studied physics at St. John's College, Cambridge, taking his degree in 1938. He then went to Birmingham University, where he became research assistant to Dr. J. T. Randall in the Physics Department. They studied the luminescence of solids. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1940, his thesis being mainly on a study of thermal stability of trapped electrons in phosphors, and on the theory of phosphorescence, in terms of electron traps with continuous distribution of trap depths. He then applied these ideas to various war-time problems such as improvement of cathoderay tube screens for radar.
Next he worked under Professor M. L. E. Oliphant on mass spectrograph separation of uranium isotopes for use in bombs and, shortly after, moved with others from Birmingham to the Manhattan Project in Berkeley, California, where these studies continued.

In 1945, when the war was over, he was lecturer in physics at St. Andrews' University, Scotland, where Professor J. T. Randall was organizing biophysical studies. He had spent seven years in physics research and now began in biophysics. The biophysics project moved in 1946 to King's College, London, where he was a member of the staff of the newly formed Medical Research Council Biophysics Research Unit. He was first concerned with genetic effects of ultrasonics; after one or two years, he changed his research to development of reflecting microscopes for ultraviolet microspectrophotometric study of nucleic acids in cells. He also studied the orientation of purines and pyrimidines in tobacco mosaic virus and in nucleic acids, by measuring the ultraviolet dichroism of oriented specimens, and he studied, with the visible-light polarizing microscope, the arrangement of virus particles in crystals of TMV and measured dry mass in cells with interference microscopes. He then began X-ray diffraction studies of DNA and sperm heads. The discovery of the well-defined patterns led to the deriving of the molecular structure of DNA. Further X-ray studies established the correctness of the Watson-Crick proposal for DNA structure. Relevant publications are «The molecular configuration of deoxyribonucleic acid. I. X-ray diffraction study of a crystalline form of the lithium salt», by R. Langridge, H. R. Wilson, C. W. Hooper, M. H. F. Wilkins, and L. D. Hamilton in J. Mol. Biol., 2 (1960) 19, and «Determination of the helical configuration of ribonucleic acid molecules by X-ray diffraction study of crystalline amino-acid-transfer ribonucleic acid», by M. Spencer, W. Fuller, M. H. F. Wilkins, and G. L. Brown in Nature, 194 (1962) 1014.

Wilkins became Assistant Director of the Medical Research Council Unit in 1950 and Deputy Director in 1955. A sub-department of Biophysics was formed in King's College, and he was made Honorary Lecturer in it. In 1961 a full Department of Biophysics was established.

He was elected F.R.S. in 1959, given the Albert Lasker Award (jointly with Watson and Crick) by the American Public Health Association in 1960, and made Companion of the British Empire in 1962.

He married Patricia Ann Chidgey in 1959; they have a daughter Sarah and a son George. He finds his recreations in his collection of sculptures and in gardening.

CONTRIBUTION:

"THE SECRET of life" was the way Francis Crick described DNA's structure when he announced its discovery 50 years ago.

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, and the discovery of its double-helix structure, now well known to anyone who's taken at least a high school biology course, propelled humanity forward in our understanding of genetics, leading us to where we are today with genetics and biotechnology and their promises (and perils).

DNA's structure is considered so important that science associations and publications all around the world are taking time out to mark the 50th anniversary of its discovery. The activities range from ponderous and scholarly symposia to tongue-in-cheek DNA cocktails (gin, curacao, strawberries and pineapple, served in a test tube) and a DNA Double Helix Dance (the couple gets to bind and unbind like DNA).

All through these celebrations, we will hear the names James Watson and Francis Crick over and over again as the ones who unraveled DNA's structure. Sometimes there will be passing references to Maurice Wilkins, who shared the Nobel Prize with Watson and Crick for their work on DNA.

Rarely do we hear of a woman whose contributions were as important as those of Watson, Crick and Wilkins. She was Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist, who first mastered the use of X-ray crystallography to photograph a sample of DNA and to propose it had a helical shape.

Maurice Wilkins, who was Rosalind Franklin's boss, eventually showed the DNA X-ray to Watson and Crick. It was a valuable clue that got the two men corresponding with Franklin, and eventually conceptualizing DNA as a double helix.

OBJECT OF INTEREST:

I chose Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins because he is a good physicist. He contributed a lot in the field of DNA. He even conceptualized DNA as a double helix. He even won The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 together Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".